the so-called ‘rulers of the world, i.e. (a) the angels appointed over the elementary powers of the world, fire, ice, wind, lightning, thunder, snow, rain, (b) the angels appointed over the heavenly bodies, including the angels of ‘the day’ and ‘the night. I, 2, xlviii C 9, and on iii. 2. The princes of kingdoms are usually represented as having their place in the highest of the heavens, near the Throne of God. They form the Celestial Beth Din, the Divine Council (ch. xxx). See on ch. xvii. 8 (in Raqia‘) and xviii. 2 (in the ‘Araboth Ragia, but in rank under the guardians of the Halls of Araboth). ’Elim, the princes of the ‘Elim. A class of angels mentioned also chh. xv B 1 and xix. 6 (in the reading of B). The name is derived from Ex. xv. 11 and Ezek. xxxii. 21. Mekilta on the former passage explains ‘’Elim’ as ‘‘those who minister before the Holy One in the high heavens”, thus denoting them as angels. The ' Er'ellim and 'Tafsarim, also in ch. xxxiii. 7. The ’Er’ellim, denoting angels (in general?) in Ket. 104 a and Yer. Ch. Y. For the hosts of every heaven (om. by L) cf. xvii. 2. ministering angels who minister before the Throne of Glory, *shook, feared and trembled before me *when they beheld me**. (2) Even Sammael °, the Prince of the Accusers, who is greater than all the princes of kingdoms on high, feared and trembled before me. (3) And even the angel® of fire, and the angel® of hail, and the angel of the wind, "and the angel of the lightning,’ and the angel of anger, Sand the angel of the thunder, and the angel of the snow, and the angel of ? the rain; and the angel of the day, and the angel of the night, and the angel of the sun and the angel of the moon” and the angel of the planets and the angel of the constellations סא rule the world under their hands, feared and trembled and were affrighted before me, when they beheld me”.